The number of home users and small businesses that want to use the Internet is ever increasing. The shortage of addresses is becoming a serious problem.A quick solution to this problem is called network address translation(NAT).NAT enables a user to have a large set of addresses（ ）and one address, or a smallset of addresses,externally. The traffic inside can use the large set; the traffic（ ）, the small set. To separate the addresses used inside the home or business and the ones used for the Internet, the Internet authorities have reserved three sets of addresses as（ ）addresses. Any organization can use an address out of this set without permission from the Internet authorities. Everyone knows that these reserved addresses are for private networks.They are（ ）inside the organization, but they are not unique globally. No router will（ ）a packet that has one of these addresses as the destination address.The site must have only one single connection to the global Internet through a router that runs the NAT software.
With the explosive popularity of mobile devices, we have witnessed a steady increase in demand for mobile date service. In addition mobile users also expect to connect to the Internet for communicate and access to services through the best suitable connection, anywhere and at anytime. Although the seamless roaming capability is well supported in conventional. Cellular communication networks, roaming and interworking technologies are still immature in heterogenous wireless networks. Seamless roaming over heterogenous wireless networks will be an ongoing and improved process, due to the requirements from both end users and network administrators. From the wireless access networks belonging to different administrative domains, mobile users cannot always identify at every instance which network is the best one to access for their service. It is highly demanded to establish a network architecture which can facilitate mobile terminals to access the appropriate network in a cost-effective way. If a mobile user wants to move from one network to another with continuous service, the terminals have to cope with network change to maintain service seamlessly. Quality of service is a major issue that the end users should be provided with the satisfying service, while the network workload and cost should not too much increased. In addition, since end users are provided with numerous service ranging from Voice-over-IP to Video-on-Demand services, it is expected that users can experience the same quality for all the different service. Therefore, the network architecture need to be designed in such a way that the quality mechanism is incorporated so that users are served according to their individual QoS requirements. Based on the paragraph above, at present, seamless roaming over heterogenous wireless network is () in conventional cellular communication networks, Because of (), mobile users cannot always identify at every instance which network is the best one to access for their services. To satisfy the users QoS requirements, the network architecture design should include ()
A.better than
B.maturer than
C.as good as
D.not as good as
49.
A.the different network administrative domains
B.the same network administrative domains and mobile users
Trust is typically interpreted as a subjective belief in the reliability,honesty and security of an entity on which we depend( )our welfare.In online environments we depend on a wide spectrun of things,ranging from computer hardware,software and data to people and organizations.
A security solution always assumes certain entities function according to specific policies.To trust is precisely to make this sort of assumptions , hence,a trusted entity is the same as an entity that is assumed to function according to policy.A consequence of this is that a trust component of a system must work correctly in order for the security of that system to hold, meaning that when a trusted( )fails,then the sytems and applications that depend on it can( )be considered secure .
An often cited articulation of this principle is："a trusted system or component is one that can break your security policy”(which happens when the trust system fails).The same applies to a trusted party such as a service provider (SP for short )that is , it must operate according to the agreed or assumed policy in order to ensure the expected level of securty and quality of services. A paradoxical conclusion to be drawn from this analysis is that security assurance may decrease when increasing the number of trusted components and parties that a service infrastructure depends on. This is because the security of an infrastructure consisting of many
Trusted components typically follows the principle of the weakest link,that is,in many situations the the overall security can only be as strong as the least reliable or least secure of
all the trusted components.We cannot avoid using trusted security components,but the fewer the better.This is important to understand when designing the identity management architectures,that is,fewer the trusted parties in an identity management model,stronger the security that can be achieved by it.
The transfer of the social constructs of identity and trust into digital and computational concepts helps in designing and implementing large scale online markets and communities,and also plays an important role in the converging mobile and Internet environments.Identity management (denoted Idm hereafter) is about recognizing and verifying the correctness of identitied in online environment.Trust management becomes a component of( )whenever different parties rely on each other for identity provision and authentication.IdM and Trust management therefore depend on each other in complex ways because the correctness of the identity itself must be trusted for the quality and reliability of the corresponding entity to be trusted.IdM is also an essential concept when defining authorisation policies in personalised services.
Establishing trust always has a cost , so that having complex trust requirement typically leads to high overhead in establishing the required trust.To reduce costs there will be incentives for stakeholders to “cut corners”regarding trust requirements,which could lead to inadequate security.The challenge is to design IdM systems with relatively simple trust requirements.Cryptographic mechanisms are often a core component of IdM solutions,for example,for entity and data authentication.With cryptography,it is often possible to propagate trust from where it initially exists to where it is needed .The establishment of initial( )usually takes place in the physical world,and the subsequent propagation of trust happens online,often in an automated manner.
